{"id":1192,"date":"2016-12-27T16:09:39","date_gmt":"2016-12-27T15:09:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.mimuw.edu.pl\/~bojan\/?page_id=1192"},"modified":"2016-12-29T14:49:54","modified_gmt":"2016-12-29T13:49:54","slug":"computing-a-tree-decomposition","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.mimuw.edu.pl\/~bojan\/20152016-2\/jezyki-automaty-i-obliczenia-2\/monadic-second-order-logic-and-courcelles-theorem\/computing-a-tree-decomposition","title":{"rendered":"Computing a tree decomposition"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>In this page we prove Theorem 1 below, which says that tree decompositions of slightly suboptimal width can be computed in cubic time. More precisely, we show that for every <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mimuw.edu.pl\/~bojan\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-2f4cc4976a18063268a04e50c161c0e2_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#107;&#32;&#92;&#105;&#110;&#32;&#92;&#78;&#97;&#116;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"39\" style=\"vertical-align: -1px;\"\/> there is a\u00a0cubic time algorithm which inputs a graph and fails or outputs a tree decomposition of width <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mimuw.edu.pl\/~bojan\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-71b54dde57db4e18c7cc3d63a5a4c2a6_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#60;&#51;&#107;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"11\" width=\"31\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"\/>. The algorithm succeeds if the input graph\u00a0has tree width <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mimuw.edu.pl\/~bojan\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-bc0a69300531a0ef60af13d785cc72e5_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#60;&#32;&#107;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"11\" width=\"23\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"\/>. The constants in the cubic time depend exponentially on <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mimuw.edu.pl\/~bojan\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-5fc287f6a1686dee0794a092dcc5d66b_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#107;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"11\" width=\"8\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"\/>. \u00a0The theorem includes a set of distinguished vertices, which are used in its proof, but for external purposes like Courcelle&#8217;s Theorem one can assume that the set of distinguished vertices is empty.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Theorem 1.\u00a0<\/strong><em>Fix <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mimuw.edu.pl\/~bojan\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-2f4cc4976a18063268a04e50c161c0e2_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#107;&#32;&#92;&#105;&#110;&#32;&#92;&#78;&#97;&#116;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"39\" style=\"vertical-align: -1px;\"\/>. There is a cubic time algorithm which does this:<\/em><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em><strong>Input:\u00a0<\/strong>A\u00a0graph\u00a0with at most <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mimuw.edu.pl\/~bojan\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-b5cd270b082eb94d7d027dddfd01bbc9_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#51;&#107;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"11\" width=\"16\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"\/> distinguished vertices;<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em><strong>Output: <\/strong>Failure, or a\u00a0tree decomposition of the graph which has width \u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mimuw.edu.pl\/~bojan\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-71b54dde57db4e18c7cc3d63a5a4c2a6_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#60;&#51;&#107;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"11\" width=\"31\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"\/> and has all distinguished vertices in the root bag. <\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><em>If the input graph has treewidth \u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mimuw.edu.pl\/~bojan\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-60bf3dd5cbc78481e1268bfca6d24f10_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#60;&#107;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"11\" width=\"23\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"\/> then\u00a0the algorithm succeeds.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>The result mentioned at the beginning\u00a0is the special case of Theorem 1 when there are no distinguished vertices. The constant in the running time of the algorithm is exponential in <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mimuw.edu.pl\/~bojan\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-5fc287f6a1686dee0794a092dcc5d66b_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#107;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"11\" width=\"8\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"\/>. Theorem 1 is not the optimal result. One can improve it in two ways: a) the running time can be made linear; and b) the tree decompositions computed can\u00a0have optimal width. The two improvements can be done together. For Courcelle&#8217;s Theorem, we do not need optimal width tree decompositions, so improvement b) would not change anything. On the other hand, improvement a) would make the running time in Courcelle&#8217;s Theorem linear. Since both improvements a) and b) require substantial technical work, we present Theorem 1\u00a0in its present, suboptimal form, since that can be rather easily shown.<\/p>\n<p>The rest of this page is devoted to proving Theorem 1. In the algorithm, we use the following result on computing separators.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Theorem 2.\u00a0<\/strong><em>Given a graph <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mimuw.edu.pl\/~bojan\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-ef7dc8eeb66accf1fa3b705f6382f071_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#71;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"11\" width=\"12\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"\/> and disjoint sets of vertices <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mimuw.edu.pl\/~bojan\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-342cc80c72da9b796c6952ad3813ddfc_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#88;&#44;&#89;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"14\" width=\"32\" style=\"vertical-align: -3px;\"\/>, one can compute in quadratic time (in the number of edges) a separator of minimal size. Recall that a separator is a set of vertices <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mimuw.edu.pl\/~bojan\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-be3f542c9d22f9102929e45101a26a42_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#83;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"11\" width=\"10\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"\/> disjoint from <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mimuw.edu.pl\/~bojan\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-351926773db44b192f364cccd1c3f540_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#88;&#32;&#92;&#99;&#117;&#112;&#32;&#89;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"43\" style=\"vertical-align: -1px;\"\/> such that <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mimuw.edu.pl\/~bojan\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-9780caf80791e2cafa32849faf01595c_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#71;&#45;&#83;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"11\" width=\"41\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"\/> does not contain any path connecting <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mimuw.edu.pl\/~bojan\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-985853afefa0f9d11b09264aa12867af_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#88;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"11\" width=\"14\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"\/> with <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mimuw.edu.pl\/~bojan\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-fee73fe0b203c26feccc1e56dd744bff_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#89;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"11\" width=\"12\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"\/>.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>We do not prove the above theorem, it can\u00a0be\u00a0shown\u00a0using the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ford%E2%80%93Fulkerson_algorithm\">Ford-Fulkerson algorithm<\/a>. Actually, more fancy algorithms have subquadratic running time. The main step in proving Theorem 1 is the following lemma.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Lemma. <\/strong><em>Let <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mimuw.edu.pl\/~bojan\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-2f4cc4976a18063268a04e50c161c0e2_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#107;&#32;&#92;&#105;&#110;&#32;&#92;&#78;&#97;&#116;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"39\" style=\"vertical-align: -1px;\"\/>. There is a quadratic time algorithm, which does\u00a0this:<\/em><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em><strong>Input<\/strong>: A graph with a set <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mimuw.edu.pl\/~bojan\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-d327fd7a45e47dba85898a5f3dcc560d_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#87;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"11\" width=\"17\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"\/> of at most <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mimuw.edu.pl\/~bojan\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-b5cd270b082eb94d7d027dddfd01bbc9_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#51;&#107;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"11\" width=\"16\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"\/> distinguished vertices.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em><strong>Output<\/strong>: Failure, or a set <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mimuw.edu.pl\/~bojan\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-be3f542c9d22f9102929e45101a26a42_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#83;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"11\" width=\"10\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"\/> of at most <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mimuw.edu.pl\/~bojan\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-5fc287f6a1686dee0794a092dcc5d66b_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#107;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"11\" width=\"8\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"\/> vertices in the graph, and a partition of <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mimuw.edu.pl\/~bojan\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-f0b5cad3e4fb970c212f4f6b7d060951_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#87;&#45;&#83;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"11\" width=\"46\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"\/> into two parts <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mimuw.edu.pl\/~bojan\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-342cc80c72da9b796c6952ad3813ddfc_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#88;&#44;&#89;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"14\" width=\"32\" style=\"vertical-align: -3px;\"\/>, each part of size at most <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mimuw.edu.pl\/~bojan\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-9e3975d5b6ed1152ed0136f2131c4e3e_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#50;&#107;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"11\" width=\"16\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"\/> and such that <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mimuw.edu.pl\/~bojan\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-be3f542c9d22f9102929e45101a26a42_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#83;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"11\" width=\"10\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"\/> separates the two parts.\u00a0<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><em>If the input graph has treewidth \u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mimuw.edu.pl\/~bojan\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-60bf3dd5cbc78481e1268bfca6d24f10_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#60;&#107;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"11\" width=\"23\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"\/> then the algorithm succeeds.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>Proof of the lemma.\u00a0<\/strong>We begin with the algorithm, and only later we justify why it must succeed on graphs of treewidth <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mimuw.edu.pl\/~bojan\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-60bf3dd5cbc78481e1268bfca6d24f10_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#60;&#107;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"11\" width=\"23\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"\/>. Let the input graph be <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mimuw.edu.pl\/~bojan\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-ef7dc8eeb66accf1fa3b705f6382f071_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#71;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"11\" width=\"12\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"\/>. We enumerate all possible partitions of <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mimuw.edu.pl\/~bojan\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-d327fd7a45e47dba85898a5f3dcc560d_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#87;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"11\" width=\"17\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"\/> into three parts <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mimuw.edu.pl\/~bojan\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-dea695b11a0f16535385f37fdfaa9e4c_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#88;&#44;&#89;&#44;&#90;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"14\" width=\"49\" style=\"vertical-align: -3px;\"\/>, such that <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mimuw.edu.pl\/~bojan\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-9e73809e335774cff38ebac184137f98_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#90;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"11\" width=\"12\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"\/> has size at most <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mimuw.edu.pl\/~bojan\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-5fc287f6a1686dee0794a092dcc5d66b_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#107;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"11\" width=\"8\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"\/>, and each of <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mimuw.edu.pl\/~bojan\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-342cc80c72da9b796c6952ad3813ddfc_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#88;&#44;&#89;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"14\" width=\"32\" style=\"vertical-align: -3px;\"\/> has size at most <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mimuw.edu.pl\/~bojan\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-9e3975d5b6ed1152ed0136f2131c4e3e_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#50;&#107;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"11\" width=\"16\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"\/>. The idea is that <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mimuw.edu.pl\/~bojan\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-9e73809e335774cff38ebac184137f98_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#90;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"11\" width=\"12\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"\/> is the intersection <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mimuw.edu.pl\/~bojan\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-f198fc7d45f794d410e1c22c64413c32_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#87;&#32;&#92;&#99;&#97;&#112;&#32;&#83;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"44\" style=\"vertical-align: -1px;\"\/>. The number of such partitions is exponential in <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mimuw.edu.pl\/~bojan\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-5fc287f6a1686dee0794a092dcc5d66b_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#107;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"11\" width=\"8\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"\/>, but is a constant if <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mimuw.edu.pl\/~bojan\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-5fc287f6a1686dee0794a092dcc5d66b_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#107;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"11\" width=\"8\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"\/> is assumed to be fixed. For each such partition, we compute a minimal size separator <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mimuw.edu.pl\/~bojan\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-be3f542c9d22f9102929e45101a26a42_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#83;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"11\" width=\"10\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"\/> of <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mimuw.edu.pl\/~bojan\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-985853afefa0f9d11b09264aa12867af_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#88;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"11\" width=\"14\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"\/> and <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mimuw.edu.pl\/~bojan\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-fee73fe0b203c26feccc1e56dd744bff_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#89;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"11\" width=\"12\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"\/> in the graph <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mimuw.edu.pl\/~bojan\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-4340d7856aa325cf4fc1ab69a7fb4f1f_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#71;&#45;&#90;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"11\" width=\"43\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"\/>, and we report success if the combined size of <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mimuw.edu.pl\/~bojan\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-be3f542c9d22f9102929e45101a26a42_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#83;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"11\" width=\"10\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"\/> and <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mimuw.edu.pl\/~bojan\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-9e73809e335774cff38ebac184137f98_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#90;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"11\" width=\"12\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"\/> is at most <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mimuw.edu.pl\/~bojan\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-5fc287f6a1686dee0794a092dcc5d66b_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#107;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"11\" width=\"8\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"\/>. This completes the algorithm.<\/p>\n<p>We now justify that if <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mimuw.edu.pl\/~bojan\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-ef7dc8eeb66accf1fa3b705f6382f071_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#71;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"11\" width=\"12\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"\/> has treewidth <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mimuw.edu.pl\/~bojan\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-60bf3dd5cbc78481e1268bfca6d24f10_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#60;&#107;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"11\" width=\"23\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"\/> then the algorithm succeeds. If the graph has treewidth <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mimuw.edu.pl\/~bojan\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-5fc287f6a1686dee0794a092dcc5d66b_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#107;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"11\" width=\"8\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"\/>, then there is a tree decomposition where all bags have size at most <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mimuw.edu.pl\/~bojan\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-5fc287f6a1686dee0794a092dcc5d66b_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#107;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"11\" width=\"8\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"\/>. Let <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mimuw.edu.pl\/~bojan\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-3374f32a602fe8fdc50593fbb0e5bde1_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#116;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"10\" width=\"6\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"\/> be this tree decomposition. Choose a node <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mimuw.edu.pl\/~bojan\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-8ecbc11e5f9047eaecdbfca853b87fd1_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#118;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"7\" width=\"8\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"\/> of the tree decomposition so that at least half of the distinguished vertices of <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mimuw.edu.pl\/~bojan\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-ef7dc8eeb66accf1fa3b705f6382f071_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#71;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"11\" width=\"12\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"\/> appear in bags of <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mimuw.edu.pl\/~bojan\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-8ecbc11e5f9047eaecdbfca853b87fd1_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#118;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"7\" width=\"8\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"\/> and its descendants, but this is no longer true for any of the children of <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mimuw.edu.pl\/~bojan\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-8ecbc11e5f9047eaecdbfca853b87fd1_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#118;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"7\" width=\"8\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"\/>. Define <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mimuw.edu.pl\/~bojan\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-be3f542c9d22f9102929e45101a26a42_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#83;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"11\" width=\"10\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"\/> to be the bag of <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mimuw.edu.pl\/~bojan\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-8ecbc11e5f9047eaecdbfca853b87fd1_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#118;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"7\" width=\"8\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"\/>, the size of <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mimuw.edu.pl\/~bojan\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-be3f542c9d22f9102929e45101a26a42_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#83;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"11\" width=\"10\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"\/> is at most <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mimuw.edu.pl\/~bojan\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-5fc287f6a1686dee0794a092dcc5d66b_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#107;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"11\" width=\"8\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"\/>. Furthermore, by choice of <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mimuw.edu.pl\/~bojan\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-8ecbc11e5f9047eaecdbfca853b87fd1_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#118;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"7\" width=\"8\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"\/> we know that every connected component of <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mimuw.edu.pl\/~bojan\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-9780caf80791e2cafa32849faf01595c_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#71;&#45;&#83;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"11\" width=\"41\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"\/> has at most half the distinguished vertices.<\/p>\n<p>It remains to show that <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mimuw.edu.pl\/~bojan\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-f0b5cad3e4fb970c212f4f6b7d060951_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#87;&#45;&#83;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"11\" width=\"46\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"\/> can be partitioned into two parts, call them <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mimuw.edu.pl\/~bojan\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-985853afefa0f9d11b09264aa12867af_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#88;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"11\" width=\"14\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"\/> and <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mimuw.edu.pl\/~bojan\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-fee73fe0b203c26feccc1e56dd744bff_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#89;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"11\" width=\"12\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"\/>, such that <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mimuw.edu.pl\/~bojan\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-be3f542c9d22f9102929e45101a26a42_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#83;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"11\" width=\"10\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"\/> separates them, and each part has size at most <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mimuw.edu.pl\/~bojan\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-9e3975d5b6ed1152ed0136f2131c4e3e_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#50;&#107;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"11\" width=\"16\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"\/>. To do this suppose that <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mimuw.edu.pl\/~bojan\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-9780caf80791e2cafa32849faf01595c_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#71;&#45;&#83;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"11\" width=\"41\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"\/> has <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mimuw.edu.pl\/~bojan\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-1581bd603826320b358d867162d09127_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#110;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"7\" width=\"9\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"\/> connected components, and for <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mimuw.edu.pl\/~bojan\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-b453d19843e78374653018639b7d75ed_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#105;&#32;&#92;&#105;&#110;&#32;&#92;&#115;&#101;&#116;&#123;&#49;&#44;&#92;&#108;&#100;&#111;&#116;&#115;&#44;&#110;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"91\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\"\/> define <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mimuw.edu.pl\/~bojan\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-40965fc46cd209e9643bae9f0141bfdf_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#87;&#95;&#105;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"13\" width=\"19\" style=\"vertical-align: -2px;\"\/> to be the distinguished vertices in the <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mimuw.edu.pl\/~bojan\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-94b2245f3ac0472586363dd0fde68eb5_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#105;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"11\" width=\"5\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"\/>-th connected component of <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mimuw.edu.pl\/~bojan\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-9780caf80791e2cafa32849faf01595c_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#71;&#45;&#83;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"11\" width=\"41\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"\/>. Since each <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mimuw.edu.pl\/~bojan\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-40965fc46cd209e9643bae9f0141bfdf_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#87;&#95;&#105;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"13\" width=\"19\" style=\"vertical-align: -2px;\"\/> has at most half of the distinguished vertices, it follows that there must be some <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mimuw.edu.pl\/~bojan\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-211a473ab9f6b54d8e76f707fb321075_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#73;&#32;&#92;&#115;&#117;&#98;&#115;&#101;&#116;&#101;&#113;&#32;&#92;&#115;&#101;&#116;&#123;&#49;&#44;&#92;&#108;&#100;&#111;&#116;&#115;&#44;&#110;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"95\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\"\/> such that both of the sets <\/p>\n<p class=\"ql-center-displayed-equation\" style=\"line-height: 37px;\"><span class=\"ql-right-eqno\"> &nbsp; <\/span><span class=\"ql-left-eqno\"> &nbsp; <\/span><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mimuw.edu.pl\/~bojan\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-f855d4ee22b46dc8b38070770375b717_l3.png\" height=\"37\" width=\"232\" class=\"ql-img-displayed-equation quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#91;&#88;&#32;&#61;&#32;&#92;&#98;&#105;&#103;&#99;&#117;&#112;&#95;&#123;&#105;&#32;&#92;&#105;&#110;&#32;&#73;&#125;&#32;&#87;&#95;&#105;&#32;&#92;&#113;&#113;&#117;&#97;&#100;&#32;&#89;&#61;&#32;&#92;&#98;&#105;&#103;&#99;&#117;&#112;&#95;&#123;&#105;&#32;&#92;&#105;&#110;&#32;&#92;&#115;&#101;&#116;&#123;&#49;&#44;&#92;&#108;&#100;&#111;&#116;&#115;&#44;&#110;&#125;&#32;&#45;&#73;&#125;&#32;&#87;&#95;&#105;&#92;&#93;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\"\/><\/p>\n<p> have at most two thirds of the distinguished vertices, i.e. at most <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mimuw.edu.pl\/~bojan\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-9e3975d5b6ed1152ed0136f2131c4e3e_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#50;&#107;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"11\" width=\"16\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"\/> distinguished vertices. <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mimuw.edu.pl\/~bojan\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-b06cee67d5b1a769f0a344ace98d5692_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#66;&#111;&#120;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"11\" width=\"11\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"\/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Proof of Theorem 1.\u00a0<\/strong>Suppose that <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mimuw.edu.pl\/~bojan\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-ef7dc8eeb66accf1fa3b705f6382f071_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#71;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"11\" width=\"12\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"\/> is a graph and <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mimuw.edu.pl\/~bojan\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-d327fd7a45e47dba85898a5f3dcc560d_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#87;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"11\" width=\"17\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"\/> is a set of at most <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mimuw.edu.pl\/~bojan\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-b5cd270b082eb94d7d027dddfd01bbc9_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#51;&#107;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"11\" width=\"16\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"\/> distinguished vertices. If there are less than <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mimuw.edu.pl\/~bojan\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-b5cd270b082eb94d7d027dddfd01bbc9_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#51;&#107;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"11\" width=\"16\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"\/> distinguished vertices, we add some arbitrary vertices to make the set have size exactly <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mimuw.edu.pl\/~bojan\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-b5cd270b082eb94d7d027dddfd01bbc9_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#51;&#107;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"11\" width=\"16\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"\/>. Apply the lemma, computing <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mimuw.edu.pl\/~bojan\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-cf0328b2b127665cf533551968677f3a_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#83;&#44;&#88;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"14\" width=\"31\" style=\"vertical-align: -3px;\"\/> and <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mimuw.edu.pl\/~bojan\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-fee73fe0b203c26feccc1e56dd744bff_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#89;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"11\" width=\"12\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"\/>. If the input graph has treewidth <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mimuw.edu.pl\/~bojan\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-60bf3dd5cbc78481e1268bfca6d24f10_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#60;&#107;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"11\" width=\"23\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"\/> then the algorithm from the lemma must succeed. Find all connected components of the graph <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mimuw.edu.pl\/~bojan\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-9780caf80791e2cafa32849faf01595c_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#71;&#45;&#83;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"11\" width=\"41\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"\/>. We know that each connected component has at most <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mimuw.edu.pl\/~bojan\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-9e3975d5b6ed1152ed0136f2131c4e3e_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#50;&#107;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"11\" width=\"16\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"\/> distinguished vertices. For each set of vertices <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mimuw.edu.pl\/~bojan\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-b1671f823dadfe589d46c30a52902a75_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#85;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"11\" width=\"11\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"\/> which is a connected component of the graph <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mimuw.edu.pl\/~bojan\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-9780caf80791e2cafa32849faf01595c_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#71;&#45;&#83;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"11\" width=\"41\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"\/>, recursively call the algorithm for the subgraph of <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mimuw.edu.pl\/~bojan\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-ef7dc8eeb66accf1fa3b705f6382f071_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#71;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"11\" width=\"12\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"\/> induced by <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mimuw.edu.pl\/~bojan\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-ef9eaff858a9b22cacfd068b29422efa_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#85;&#32;&#92;&#99;&#117;&#112;&#32;&#83;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"39\" style=\"vertical-align: -1px;\"\/>, with the distinguished vertices being <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mimuw.edu.pl\/~bojan\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-884e432088c22cfa8266421ba72689c5_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#40;&#85;&#32;&#92;&#99;&#97;&#112;&#32;&#87;&#41;&#32;&#92;&#99;&#117;&#112;&#32;&#83;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"85\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\"\/>; let <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mimuw.edu.pl\/~bojan\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-d1fedf0b02cc358fe2fae69d9a783d47_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#116;&#95;&#85;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"16\" style=\"vertical-align: -2px;\"\/> be the resulting tree decomposition. Note that we are allowed to do the recursive call, since <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mimuw.edu.pl\/~bojan\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-860cf48aba93510696db210d8609ada9_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#85;&#32;&#92;&#99;&#97;&#112;&#32;&#87;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"46\" style=\"vertical-align: -1px;\"\/> has at most <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mimuw.edu.pl\/~bojan\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-9e3975d5b6ed1152ed0136f2131c4e3e_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#50;&#107;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"11\" width=\"16\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"\/> vertices and <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mimuw.edu.pl\/~bojan\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-be3f542c9d22f9102929e45101a26a42_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#83;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"11\" width=\"10\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"\/> has at most <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mimuw.edu.pl\/~bojan\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-5fc287f6a1686dee0794a092dcc5d66b_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#107;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"11\" width=\"8\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"\/> vertices, and thus there are at most <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mimuw.edu.pl\/~bojan\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-b5cd270b082eb94d7d027dddfd01bbc9_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#51;&#107;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"11\" width=\"16\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"\/> distinguished vertices. The tree decomposition for the entire graph <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mimuw.edu.pl\/~bojan\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-ef7dc8eeb66accf1fa3b705f6382f071_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#71;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"11\" width=\"12\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"\/> looks like this. The root bag consists of the distinguished vertices <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mimuw.edu.pl\/~bojan\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-d327fd7a45e47dba85898a5f3dcc560d_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#87;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"11\" width=\"17\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"\/>. For each connected component <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mimuw.edu.pl\/~bojan\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-b1671f823dadfe589d46c30a52902a75_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#85;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"11\" width=\"11\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"\/> in <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mimuw.edu.pl\/~bojan\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-9780caf80791e2cafa32849faf01595c_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#71;&#45;&#83;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"11\" width=\"41\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"\/>, we add the tree decomposition <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mimuw.edu.pl\/~bojan\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-d1fedf0b02cc358fe2fae69d9a783d47_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#116;&#95;&#85;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"16\" style=\"vertical-align: -2px;\"\/> as a child of the root. It is not difficult to check that this is a tree decomposition of <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mimuw.edu.pl\/~bojan\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-ef7dc8eeb66accf1fa3b705f6382f071_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#71;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"11\" width=\"12\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"\/>. The algorithm does a quadratic computation, followed by recursive calls to smaller instances; and therefore its running time is cubic. <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mimuw.edu.pl\/~bojan\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-b06cee67d5b1a769f0a344ace98d5692_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#66;&#111;&#120;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"11\" width=\"11\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"\/><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In this page we prove Theorem 1 below, which says that tree decompositions of slightly suboptimal width can be computed in cubic time. More precisely, we show that for every there is a\u00a0cubic time algorithm which inputs a graph and fails or outputs a tree decomposition of width . The algorithm succeeds if the input [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":1140,"menu_order":2,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1192","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mimuw.edu.pl\/~bojan\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1192"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mimuw.edu.pl\/~bojan\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mimuw.edu.pl\/~bojan\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mimuw.edu.pl\/~bojan\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mimuw.edu.pl\/~bojan\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1192"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/www.mimuw.edu.pl\/~bojan\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1192\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1218,"href":"https:\/\/www.mimuw.edu.pl\/~bojan\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1192\/revisions\/1218"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mimuw.edu.pl\/~bojan\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1140"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mimuw.edu.pl\/~bojan\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1192"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}